PROSPECTS OF JUGULAR VENOUS PULSE ASSESSMENT

There is no controversy regarding the current clinical method of examination of waveform of jugular vein pulse.However there are limitations of clinical assessment of central venous pressure by jugular vein pressure measurement from the level of sternal angle.There are variations in the reported distances from sternal angle to right atrium as well

European honey bees (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) are beneficial insects that provide essential pollination services for agriculture and ecosystems worldwide.Modern commercial beekeeping is plagued by a variety of pathogenic and environmental stressors often confounding attempts to understand colony loss.European foulbrood (EFB) is considered a larval-